日(ri)前，國(guo)務院辦公廳印(yin)發(fa)《電子印(yin)章(zhang)管理(li)辦法》（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱《辦法》），自(zi)印(yin)發(fa)之日(ri)起正式(shi)施行(xing)，對(dui)電子印(yin)章(zhang)管理(li)和應用活動進行(xing)了(le)規范(fan)。國(guo)家密碼管理(li)局(ju)負責人就《辦法》相關問題回答了(le)記者(zhe)提問。

1.問：請簡要介紹一(yi)下(xia)《辦(ban)法》制定的背景。

答：電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)是基(ji)于密碼技術和(he)(he)相關數(shu)字技術表(biao)征(zheng)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)的(de)特定(ding)格式(shi)數(shu)據(ju)，用(yong)于實現電子(zi)(zi)文件的(de)可(ke)靠電子(zi)(zi)簽名。隨(sui)著網絡強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)、數(shu)字中國(guo)(guo)建(jian)設深入推(tui)進，電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)在政(zheng)務活(huo)動(dong)和(he)(he)經濟社(she)會發展中的(de)應用(yong)日益廣泛。同時(shi)，由于缺乏國(guo)(guo)家層面的(de)統籌規范，電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)仍不(bu)同程度存在法律效力不(bu)強(qiang)、管理主體不(bu)明晰、標(biao)準規范不(bu)健全(quan)等(deng)問(wen)題，特別是跨(kua)地區跨(kua)部門(men)電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)仍難以互信互認，這些都制約(yue)著電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)功能(neng)作用(yong)和(he)(he)應用(yong)效能(neng)的(de)充分(fen)發揮。通過制定(ding)《辦法》，進一步規范和(he)(he)加強(qiang)電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)管理，推(tui)動(dong)電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)深入應用(yong)和(he)(he)互信互認，對于構建(jian)數(shu)字時(shi)代(dai)信任體系、提升(sheng)政(zheng)務服務效能(neng)、促進營商(shang)環境優化和(he)(he)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)統一大市場建(jian)設具(ju)有重要意義。

2.問：制定《辦法》的總(zong)體(ti)思路是什么？

答：在《辦法(fa)(fa)》的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定過(guo)程中主要把握以(yi)下幾點：一是(shi)堅持問(wen)(wen)題(ti)導向。圍(wei)繞電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)在內(nei)涵界(jie)定、法(fa)(fa)律效力(li)、管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)主體、管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)職責、管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)環節等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面面臨的(de)突出(chu)(chu)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，提出(chu)(chu)有(you)針(zhen)對性的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度設(she)計(ji)(ji)和解決措施，推(tui)動電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)規(gui)范管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、廣(guang)泛應(ying)用。二是(shi)堅持系統(tong)觀念(nian)。綜合(he)考慮國家和地方(fang)(fang)在相關(guan)領域電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、系統(tong)建(jian)設(she)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面的(de)已有(you)基礎，注重與電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名、密(mi)碼、網(wang)絡安全、數(shu)據(ju)安全、實物印(yin)章(zhang)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)和制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度規(gui)范的(de)銜接協調(diao)，明確(que)了推(tui)進《辦法(fa)(fa)》落地所需的(de)支撐(cheng)能力(li)和技術標準(zhun)要求(qiu)，統(tong)籌電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)與相關(guan)領域工(gong)作(zuo)協調(diao)發展(zhan)。三是(shi)堅持守正創新。適(shi)應(ying)數(shu)字時代電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)文件泛在化(hua)應(ying)用趨勢(shi)對高(gao)效便捷(jie)的(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)提出(chu)(chu)的(de)新要求(qiu)，吸收借鑒(jian)相關(guan)領域電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)有(you)效經驗，創新相關(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度設(she)計(ji)(ji)，確(que)保《辦法(fa)(fa)》能夠(gou)有(you)力(li)支撐(cheng)數(shu)字化(hua)發展(zhan)。

3.問：《辦法》對電子印章的法律(lv)效力是怎么規定的？

答(da)：電(dian)(dian)子(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)實質是運用密碼(ma)技術實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)文(wen)件的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)。《中(zhong)華人民共(gong)和(he)國電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)法(fa)(fa)》明(ming)確“可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)與手寫簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)或者蓋章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)具(ju)有(you)同(tong)等的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)效(xiao)力(li)”，據(ju)此(ci)，《辦法(fa)(fa)》規定(ding)“符(fu)合本辦法(fa)(fa)規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)與實物印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)具(ju)有(you)同(tong)等法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)效(xiao)力(li)。除法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)、行政法(fa)(fa)規明(ming)確不(bu)適用的(de)(de)(de)情形外，經電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)文(wen)件與加蓋實物印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)紙(zhi)質文(wen)件具(ju)有(you)同(tong)等效(xiao)力(li)”，進一步明(ming)確了電(dian)(dian)子(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)效(xiao)力(li)和(he)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)地位。

4.問(wen)：《辦法》關于(yu)電子印章管理(li)涉及的職(zhi)能部門職(zhi)責分工是怎么規定(ding)的？

答：《辦(ban)法》對國(guo)家密碼管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局(ju)、國(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院辦(ban)公(gong)(gong)廳(ting)、工業和(he)信(xin)息化(hua)部等在(zai)電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工作(zuo)中的職責(ze)(ze)予以(yi)明(ming)確(que)。其中，國(guo)家密碼管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)局(ju)負責(ze)(ze)電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章有(you)關(guan)(guan)密碼管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工作(zuo)，對電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章相關(guan)(guan)的電子(zi)(zi)政務(wu)(wu)(wu)電子(zi)(zi)認(ren)(ren)證服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)施(shi)監督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，推動(dong)(dong)電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章標準化(hua)工作(zuo)，促進電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章在(zai)政務(wu)(wu)(wu)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)中的互(hu)信(xin)互(hu)認(ren)(ren)；會同有(you)關(guan)(guan)部門(men)統籌(chou)協(xie)調和(he)推進全國(guo)電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章的規范管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)推廣應(ying)用(yong)。國(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院辦(ban)公(gong)(gong)廳(ting)負責(ze)(ze)依托全國(guo)一體(ti)化(hua)政務(wu)(wu)(wu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)平臺推動(dong)(dong)政務(wu)(wu)(wu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)、公(gong)(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)及相關(guan)(guan)社會化(hua)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)領(ling)域(yu)電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章的互(hu)信(xin)互(hu)認(ren)(ren)。工業和(he)信(xin)息化(hua)部負責(ze)(ze)對電子(zi)(zi)印(yin)章相關(guan)(guan)的電子(zi)(zi)認(ren)(ren)證服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)實(shi)施(shi)監督(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。相關(guan)(guan)部門(men)既(ji)各司其職，又密切(qie)配合、協(xie)調聯(lian)動(dong)(dong)，形成(cheng)齊抓共管(guan)(guan)的工作(zuo)格局(ju)。

5.問：單位（組織）申領(ling)電子印(yin)章有哪些(xie)環(huan)節？

答：行政機關(guan)、企(qi)業事(shi)業單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)、社會組(zu)織以(yi)(yi)及(ji)其(qi)他(ta)依法(fa)成立的(de)(de)組(zu)織〔以(yi)(yi)下(xia)簡(jian)稱單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)（組(zu)織）〕是電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)日常使用(yong)和管理主體，其(qi)申(shen)(shen)(shen)領(ling)電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)一般(ban)包(bao)括申(shen)(shen)(shen)請(qing)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)、備案(an)等環(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)，實(shi)踐中通(tong)常采(cai)取(qu)線上方式(shi)進行。在(zai)申(shen)(shen)(shen)請(qing)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)，單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)（組(zu)織）按照電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發部門（一般(ban)情況下(xia)與實(shi)物(wu)印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發部門一致(zhi)）明(ming)確的(de)(de)申(shen)(shen)(shen)請(qing)電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)程序和要求(qiu)，提交相關(guan)材料(liao)，獲取(qu)申(shen)(shen)(shen)請(qing)通(tong)過的(de)(de)證明(ming)材料(liao)；為便利(li)企(qi)業、社會組(zu)織等申(shen)(shen)(shen)請(qing)電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，《辦(ban)法(fa)》規(gui)定，相關(guan)程序可以(yi)(yi)結合(he)實(shi)際適當簡(jian)化。在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)，單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)（組(zu)織）按照電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)管理單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)要求(qiu)提交真實(shi)、合(he)法(fa)、有效的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)材料(liao)，電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)管理單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)核查后制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。在(zai)備案(an)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)，電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)管理單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)對(dui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)完成的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)進行備案(an)，之后以(yi)(yi)適當形(xing)式(shi)提供給單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)（組(zu)織）。

6.問：單(dan)位（組織）使用(yong)電子印章應(ying)落實哪些要求(qiu)？

答：電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的使(shi)用環節主要包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)和電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)，《辦法》強調電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)所(suo)有(you)者應當妥善保管和規(gui)范使(shi)用電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。進行電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)（即使(shi)用電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)簽(qian)(qian)署電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)文件）時(shi)(shi)，應當使(shi)用有(you)效的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，遵照國(guo)家有(you)關(guan)(guan)法律(lv)法規(gui)和標準規(gui)范，保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)數據(ju)的真實性(xing)(xing)、完(wan)整性(xing)(xing)和不可(ke)否(fou)認(ren)性(xing)(xing)；電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)過(guo)程信息(xi)應當被記錄并保存，實現電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)行為可(ke)追(zhui)溯、可(ke)定責。電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)驗(yan)(yan)證(zheng)時(shi)(shi)，應當按照國(guo)家有(you)關(guan)(guan)標準規(gui)范核驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)數據(ju)的真實性(xing)(xing)、完(wan)整性(xing)(xing)和不可(ke)否(fou)認(ren)性(xing)(xing)，并可(ke)基于(yu)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)制作管理單(dan)位提供的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)狀態信息(xi)查詢服務，核驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時(shi)(shi)的有(you)效性(xing)(xing)。

7.問：《辦法(fa)》對促(cu)進電子印章(zhang)互(hu)信互(hu)認做了(le)哪些規(gui)定？

答(da)：《辦法(fa)》從(cong)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)(cheng)能力、標準規(gui)范(fan)、系統(tong)(tong)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)等方面(mian)明(ming)確了促進(jin)電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章互(hu)(hu)(hu)信(xin)互(hu)(hu)(hu)認(ren)(ren)的有關(guan)措施。一是(shi)推(tui)動支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)(cheng)能力建設(she)(she)。國家(jia)推(tui)動電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章跨地(di)(di)區跨部(bu)(bu)門互(hu)(hu)(hu)信(xin)互(hu)(hu)(hu)認(ren)(ren)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)(cheng)能力建設(she)(she)，各地(di)(di)區各部(bu)(bu)門結合實際，加(jia)強本(ben)地(di)(di)區本(ben)部(bu)(bu)門（本(ben)系統(tong)(tong)）電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章互(hu)(hu)(hu)信(xin)互(hu)(hu)(hu)認(ren)(ren)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)(cheng)能力建設(she)(she)。二是(shi)加(jia)強標準規(gui)范(fan)建設(she)(she)。國家(jia)密碼管理局會(hui)同有關(guan)部(bu)(bu)門積極推(tui)動電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章互(hu)(hu)(hu)信(xin)互(hu)(hu)(hu)認(ren)(ren)標準規(gui)范(fan)建設(she)(she)。三(san)是(shi)明(ming)確相關(guan)信(xin)息系統(tong)(tong)建設(she)(she)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)要求。行政(zheng)機(ji)關(guan)以及履行社會(hui)管理和公共服務職能的企業(ye)事業(ye)單位、社會(hui)組織在業(ye)務活動中需要使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章時，其業(ye)務信(xin)息系統(tong)(tong)應(ying)當支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)符合辦法(fa)規(gui)定的電(dian)(dian)子印(yin)(yin)章接入使用(yong)(yong)。